I. Nylon 66: iterambere rihamye mubisabwa, intera nini yo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa

1.1 Nylon 66: imikorere isumba iyindi, ariko ntabwo yihagije ibikoresho fatizo

Nylon nizina risanzwe rya polyamide cyangwa PA.Imiterere yimiti irangwa no gusubiramo amide amatsinda (- [NHCO] -) kumurongo nyamukuru wa molekile.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa nylon, bushobora kugabanywa muri alifatique PA, aliphatic-aromatic PA na PA aromatic PA ukurikije imiterere ya monomer, muri yo alifatique PA iraboneka cyane, ikorwa mubwinshi kandi ikoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi, cyane cyane nylon 6 na nylon 66 muri nylon ya alifatique.

Nylon ifite ibintu byiza byose, harimo imiterere yubukanishi, kurwanya ubushyuhe, kurwanya abrasion, kurwanya imiti no kwisiga, kandi ifite coeffisiyeti nkeya yo guterana, kutagira umuriro no gutunganya byoroshye.Nyamara, nylon ifite kandi ibibi nko kwinjiza amazi menshi, kugabanuka k'ubushyuhe, guhindura ibicuruzwa byoroshye ndetse ningorane zo kumeneka, bisaba guhinduka mugukoresha kugirango tunoze imikorere muri rusange.

Hariho uburyo butatu bukoreshwa kuri nylon: 1) umugozi wa nylon sivile: urashobora kuvangwa cyangwa kuzunguruka gusa mubicuruzwa bitandukanye byubuvuzi nububoshyi.Filime ya Nylon ikoreshwa cyane mububoshyi nubudozi, nko kuboha amasogisi ya monofilament, amasogisi ya silike ya elastike nubundi bwoko bwamasogisi ya nylon idashobora kwambara, nylon sarongs, inzitiramubu, inzitiramubu ya nylon, imyenda yo hanze ya nylon cyangwa imyenda itandukanye ya nylon cyangwa ibicuruzwa biva mu budodo.Nylon staple fibre ahanini ivangwa nubwoya cyangwa izindi fibre yimiti kugirango ikore imyenda itandukanye yambaye.2) Inganda ya nylon yinganda: Mu nganda, nylon ikoreshwa cyane mugukora umugozi wipine, imyenda yinganda, insinga, imikandara ya convoyeur, amahema, inshundura zuburobyi, nibindi. Mubisirikare, bikoreshwa cyane cyane parasite nibindi bicuruzwa bya parasite..Ibicuruzwa bisanzwe ni imashini zipompa, ibyuma bifata ibyuma, intebe za valve, ibihuru, ibyuma, ibikoresho bitandukanye, ibikoresho byamashanyarazi yimodoka, ibyuma bishyushya ubukonje nubukonje nibindi bice.

Nylon ikoreshwa cyane ni nylon 6 na nylon 66, nubwo imikorere yabo hamwe nibisobanuro byayo bifite aho bihurira, ariko ugereranije nukuvuga, nylon 66 irakomeye, irwanya kwambara neza, kumva neza, imikorere myiza muri rusange, ariko yoroheje, ntabwo yoroshye kurangi kandi igiciro kiri hejuru ya nylon 6. Nylon 6 ntigikomeye, yoroshye, kwihanganira kwambara birutwa na nylon 66, mugihe uhuye nubushyuhe buke mugihe cyimbeho, byoroshye gucika intege, igiciro akenshi kiri munsi ya nylon 66, bikoresha neza.Igiciro akenshi kiri munsi yicya nylon 66, bigatuma igiciro cyinshi.Niyo mpamvu, nylon 6 ifite ibyiza byinshi mubijyanye n’imyenda ya gisivili, kandi nylon 66 ifite ibyiza byinshi mubudodo bwinganda nubukorikori bwa plastike, cyane cyane mumasoko gakondo ya nylon 66 mumashanyarazi, nylon 66 irashobora gukoreshwa mubintu byinshi cyane. kurusha nylon 6.

Kubijyanye no gutanga no gusaba, nylon 6 na nylon 66 nabyo biratandukanye cyane.Ubwa mbere, ingano yisoko rya nylon 6 nini kuruta iya nylon 66, bigaragara ko hakenewe chip ya nylon 6 mu Bushinwa ingana na toni miliyoni 3.2 muri 2018, ugereranije na toni 520.000 kuri nylon 66. Byongeye kandi, nylon 6 yo mu Bushinwa no hejuru yayo ibikoresho fatizo caprolactam ahanini irihagije, hamwe nigipimo cyo kwihaza cya nylon 6 igera kuri 91% na caprolactam 93%;icyakora, igipimo cyo kwihaza cya nylon 66 ni 64% gusa, mugihe ibitumizwa mu mahanga biva mu mahanga ibikoresho fatizo caprolactam biri hejuru ya 100%.Urebye gusimbuza ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga, ingano yo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa muri nylon 66 y’inganda bigaragara ko iruta kure cyane ya nylon 6. Iyi raporo yibanze ku ngaruka zishobora guturuka ku itangwa, ibisabwa n’ikoranabuhanga rya nylon 66 hamwe n’ibikoresho fatizo byo hejuru. , adiponitrile, kuri ecologiya yinganda.

Nylon 66 iboneka muri polycondensation ya acide adipic na diamine adipic muburyo bwa 1: 1.Acide ya Adipic ikorwa na hydrogenation ya benzene isukuye ikurikirwa na okiside hamwe na aside nitric.Tekinoroji yo gukora acide adipic mubushinwa irakuze kandi hari ubushobozi burenze.

Muri 2018, bigaragara ko hakenewe aside adipic mu Bushinwa yari toni 340.000 naho umusaruro w’igihugu ukaba toni 310.000, aho kwihaza hejuru ya 90%.Nyamara, umusaruro w’inganda za diamine ya hexamethylene usanga ahanini ushingiye kuri hydrogenation ya adiponitrile, ubu yinjizwa mu Bushinwa, bityo inganda za nylon 66 ahanini zigengwa n’ibihangange by’amahanga bya adiponitrile.Urebye ubucuruzi bwegereje bwikoranabuhanga rya adiponitrile yo mu gihugu, twizera ko gusimbuza adiponitrile gutumiza mu mahanga bizatera impinduka zikomeye mu nganda za nylon 66 mu myaka iri imbere.

1.2 Nylon 66 itangwa nibisabwa: oligopoly no gutumizwa mu mahanga cyane

Ikigaragara cyo gukoresha nylon 66 mu Bushinwa cyari toni 520.000 muri 2018, bingana na 23% by’ibikoreshwa ku isi yose.Ubwubatsi bwa plastiki bwububiko bwagize 49%, ubudodo bwinganda kuri 34%, ubudodo bwa gisivili kuri 13% nibindi bikorwa kuri 4%.Amashanyarazi ya plastike nini manini manini ya nylon 66, hamwe na 47% bya nylon 66 plastike yubuhanga ikoreshwa mu nganda z’imodoka, ikurikirwa n’amashanyarazi na elegitoronike (28%) no gutwara gari ya moshi (25%)

Imodoka ikomeje kuba moteri nyamukuru isaba nylon 66, hamwe no kongera ingufu mu gukoresha peteroli no kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya ibinyabiziga bikunda guhitamo plastike ziremereye kurusha ibyuma muguhitamo ibikoresho nabakora ibinyabiziga.Nylon 66 nibikoresho byoroheje bifite ibikoresho byiza byumuriro, bituma ihitamo gukundwa nabakora ibinyabiziga kandi ikoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwimikorere ya powertrain.Imifuka yo mu kirere nayo ni ahantu hanini ho gukoreshwa kuri nylon 66 yinganda.Ibisabwa byinshi mu nganda z’imodoka biteganijwe ko bizamura iterambere ry’isoko rya nylon 66.

Nylon 66 ikoreshwa kandi mugukora ibice byogukoresha amashanyarazi na elegitoronike, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki byuzuye, itara ryamashanyarazi, abateka umuceri, ibyuma byamashanyarazi, ibyuma byogukoresha ibiryo bya elegitoronike, nibindi. Nylon 66 nayo ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ibicuruzwa kandi ikoreshwa cyane umusaruro wibisanduku bihuza, uhinduranya na résistoriste.Flame retardant nylon 66 ikoreshwa no mugukora menu ya clips wire, kugumana hamwe na knobs.

Gariyamoshi nigice cya gatatu kinini gisabwa kuri nylon 66 yubuhanga.Ikirahure fibre ishimangirwa nylon 66 irakomeye, yoroheje, irwanya kwambara, irwanya ruswa, yoroshye kubumba, yahinduwe kugirango ikomere, ikirere ndetse n’izuba, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda za gari ya moshi n’inganda zihuta.

Inganda za nylon 66 zifite imiterere isanzwe ya oligopoly, hamwe n’umusaruro wa nylon 66 ku isi wibanda cyane cyane mu mishinga minini nka INVISTA na Shenma, bityo inzitizi zo kwinjira zikaba nyinshi cyane, cyane cyane mu gice cyo hejuru cy’ibikoresho fatizo by’urwego rw’inganda.Ku ruhande rusabwa, nubwo umuvuduko w’ubwiyongere bw’inganda z’imyenda n’imodoka ku isi n’Ubushinwa zizagabanuka muri 2018-2019, mu gihe kirekire turizera ko izamuka ry’imikoreshereze y’abaturage n’ubwiyongere bw’imodoka ku muntu bizakomeza kuzana ibyumba byinshi byo gukenera imyenda n'imodoka.Biteganijwe ko Nylon 66 izakomeza gutera imbere mu myaka mike iri imbere, kandi urebye uburyo butangwa ubu, hari byinshi byo gusimbuza ibicuruzwa mu Bushinwa.